国内政策【切换】 国际政策

阿尔及利亚人民民主共和国宪法

constitution Of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria
1989 (amended by the constitutional revision of 1996)
PREAMBLE
The Algerian people are a free people, and decided to remain so.
Its history is a long series of struggles which always made Algeria a land of freedom and
dignity.
Being at the heart of great events witnessed by the Mediterranean area throughout
history, Algeria has found in her sons, since the Numid era and the islamic epic and up to
the wars of decolonization, the pioneers of freedom, unity and progress as well as
builders of democratic and prosperous States during the periods of glory and peace.
The 1st of November 1954 was a turning point for its destiny and a crowning for the long
resistance to agressions carried out against its culture, its values and the fundamental
components of its identity which are Islam, Arabity and Amazighity. Its current struggles
are well rooted in the glorious past of the nation.
Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the
Algerian people have made great sacrifices in order to assume their collective destiny in
the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people’s
democratic constitutional institutions.
The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during
the people’s war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign
State.
The belief in the collective choices allowed the people to achieve great successes,
characterised by the recovery of the national ressources and the building of a State
exclusively for the benefit of the people and exercising freely its powers and without any
external pressures.
Having fought and still fighting for freedom and democracy, the Algerian people, by this
Constitution, decided to build constitutional institutions based on the participation of any
Algerian, man and woman, in the management of public affairs; and on the ability to
achieve social justice, equality and freedom for all.
The constitution is the concretization of the people’s genuis, the reflection of their
aspirations, the fruit of their determination and the product of the deep social changes.
Thus, in approving this Constitution, the people are, more than ever, decided to consider
the law above everything.
The Constitution is above all, it is the fundamental law which guarantees the individual
and collective rights and liberties, protects the principle of the people’s free choice and
gives the legitimacy to the exercise of powers. It helps to ensure the legal protection and
the control of the public authorities in a society in which lawfulness and man’s progress
prevail in all its dimensions.
Strong with their deeply rooted spiritual values and preserving their traditions of
solidarity and justice, the people are confident in their ability to participate efficiently in
the cultural, social and economic progress of the present and future world.
Algeria, being a land of Islam, an integral part of the Great Maghreb, an Arab land, a
Mediterranean and African country is proud of the radiance of its 1st of November
Revolution and is honoured by the respect the country gained and knew how to preserve
it through its engagement towards the just causes in the world.
The pride of the people, their sacrifices, their sense of responsibility and their ancestral
attachment to freedom and to social justice are the best guaranty for the respect to this
Constitution which they adopt and transmit to future generations, heirs of the freedom
pioneers and the builders of free society.
PART ONE: GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ALGERIAN SOCIETY
CHAPTER I: Algeria
Article 1 - Algeria is a People’s Democratic Republic.
It is one and indivisible.
Art. 2 - Islam is the religion of the State.
Art. 3 - Arabic is the national and official language.
Art. 4 - The capital of the Republic is ALGIERS.
Art. 5 - The national flag, the State seal and the national anthem are defined by the law.
CHAPTER II: The people
Art. 6 - The people are the source of any power.
The national sovereignty belongs exclusively to the People.
Art. 7 - The constituant power belongs to the People.
The People exercise their sovereignty through institutions they set up.
The People exercise it by means of referendum and through the elected representatives.
The President of the Republic may resort directly to the expression of the People’s will.
Art. 8 - The People set up institutions having as objectives:
- the safeguard and consolidation of the national independence;
- the safeguard and consolidation of the national identity and unity;
- the protection of fundamental liberties of the citizen and the social and cultural progress
of the Nation;
- the suppression of the exploitation of man by man;
- the protection of the national economy from any form of embezzlment or
misappropriation, illegitimate monopolizing or seizure.
Art. 9 - The institutions are not allowed :
- feudal, regionalist and nepotic practices;
- setting up exploitation relationships and dependence links;
- practices that are contrary to the islamic ethics and to the values of the November
Revolution.
Art. 10 - The People choose freely their representatives.
The representation of the People has no limits except those defined by the Constitution
and the electoral law.
CHAPTER III: The State
Art. 11 - The State takes its legitimacy and its raison d’être from the People’s will.
Its motto is ”By the People and for the People”.
It is exclusively for the service of the People.
Art. 12 - The sovereignty of the State is exercised on its terrestrial space, its air space,
and its waters.
The State also exercises its sovereign right established by the international law on any of
its various areas of the maritime space to which they belong.
Art. 13 - In any circumstances should a part of the national territory be abandoned or
alienated.
Art. 14 - The State is based on the principles of democratic organization and of social
justice.
The elected Assembly is the framework in which is expressed the people’s will and the
control of the public authorities is exercised.
Art. 15 - The territorial collectivities of the State are the "Commune" and the "Wilaya".
The "Commune" is the basic collectivity.
Art. 16 - The elected assembly represents the basis of decentralization and a place of the
citizens’ participation in the management of public affairs.
Art. 17 - Public property belongs to the national collectivity.
It includes the underground, the mines and quarries, the natural ressources of energy, the
mineral, natural and living ressources in the various national maritime areas, waters and
forests.
It also includes rail, maritime and air transport, the mail and telecommunications as well
as other properties defined by the law.
Art. 18 - The national properties are defined by the law.
They include public and private properties of the State, the "Wilaya" and the
"Commune".
The management of the national properties is carried out in accordance with the law.
Art. 19 - The organization of external trade is the domain of the State only.
The law defines the conditions and control of external trade.
Art. 20 - Expropriation can be carried out only within the framework of the law.
It gives right to a prior, just and fair compensation.
Art. 21 - The functions in the State institutions should neither be a source of wealth nor a
means of being for the service of private interests.
Art. 22 - Power abuse is repressed by the law.
Art. 23 - The administration’s impartiality is guaranteed by the law.
Art. 24 - The State is responsible for the security of persons and properties. It ensures the
protection of every citizen abroad.
Art. 25 - The enhancement and the development of the defense capacity of the Nation are
organised within the National People’s Army.
The permanent task of the National People’s Army is to safeguard the national
independence and to defend the national sovereignty.
It ensures the defence of the country’s unity and the territorial integrity as well as the
protection of its terrestrial and air space, and the various areas of its maritime space.
Art. 26 - Algeria does not resort to war in order to undermine the legitimate sovereignty
and the freedom of other peoples.
It puts forth its efforts to settle international disputes through peaceful means.
Art. 27 - Algeria associates itself with all the peoples fighting for their political and
economic liberation, for the right of self-determination and against any racial
discrimination.
Art. 28 - Algeria works for the reinforcement of international cooperation and to the
development of friendly relations among States, on equal basis, mutual interest and non
interference in the internal affairs. It endorses the principles and objectives of the United
Nations Charter.
CHAPTER IV: Rights and liberties
ART. 29 - All citizens are equal before the law. No discrimination shall prevail because
of birth, race, sex, opinion or any other personal or social condition or circumstance.
Art. 30 - The Algerian nationality is defined by the law. Conditions for acquiring,
keeping, loosing or forfeiture of the Algerian nationality are defined by the law.
Art. 31 - The aim of the institutions is to ensure equality of rights and duties of all
citizens, men and women, by removing the obstacles which hinder the progress of human
beings and impede the effective participation of all in the political, economic, social and
cultural life.
Art. 32 - The fundamental human and citizen’s rights and liberties are guaranteed.
They are a common heritage of all Algerians, men and women, whose duty is to transmit
it from generation to another in order to preserve it and keep it inviolable.
Art. 33 - Individual or associative defence of the fundamental human rights and
individual and collective liberties is guaranteed.
Art. 34 - The State guarantees the inviolabilty of the human entity.
Any form of physical or moral violence or breach of dignity is forbidden.
Art. 35 - Infringements committed against rights and liberties and violations of physical
or moral integrity of a human being are repressed by the law.
Art. 36 - Freedom of creed and opinion is inviolable.
Art. 37 - Freedom of trade and industry is guaranteed, it is carried out within the
framework of the law.
Art. 38 - Freedom of intellectual, artistic and scientific innovation is guaranteed to the
citizen. Copyrights are protected by the law.
The seizure of any publication, recording or any other means of communication and
information can only be done in pursuance of a warrant.
Art. 39 - The private life and the honour of the citizen are inviolable and protected by the
law.
The secrecy of private correspondence and communication, in any form, is guaranteed.
Art. 40 - The State guarantees home inviolability.
No thorough search can be allowed unless in pursuance of the law and in compliance
with the latter.
The thorough search can only be in pursuance of a search warrant emanating from the
competent judicial authority.
Art. 41 - Freedom of expression, association and meeting are guaranteed to the citizen.
Art. 42 - The right to create political parties is recognized and guaranteed.
However, this right cannot be used to violate the fundamental liberties, the fundamental
values and components of the national identity, the national unity, the security and
integrity of the national territory, the independence of the country and the People’s
sovereignty as well as the democratic and republican nature of the State.
In respect to the provisions of the present Constitution, the political parties cannot be
founded on religious, linguistic, racial, sex, corporatist or regional basis.
The political parties cannot resort to partisan propaganda on the elements mentioned in
the previous paragraph.
Any obedience, in any form, of the political parties to foreign interests or parties is
forbidden.
No political party can resort to any form of any nature of violence or constraint.
Other obligations and duties are prescribed by the law.
Art. 43 - The right to create associations is guaranteed.
The State encourages the development of associative movement.
The law defines the conditions and clauses of the creation of associations.
Art. 44 - Any citizen enjoying his civil and political rights has the right to choose freely
his place of dwelling and to move on the national territory.
The right of entry and exit from the national territory is guaranteed.
Art. 45 - Any person is presumed not guilty until his culpability is established by a
regular jurisdiction with all the guarantees required by the law.
Art. 46 - None is guilty unless it is in accordance with a promulgated law prior to the
incriminated action.
Art. 47 - None can be pursued, arrested or detained unless within the cases defined by the
law and in accordance with the forms prescribed.
Art. 48 - In the field of penal investigation, custody is under judiciary control and cannot
exceed fourty-eight (48) hours.
The person held in custody has the right to be immediately in contact with his family.
The extension of the period of custody can occur, exceptionally, only within the
conditions established by the law.
At the expiry of the period of custody, it is compulsory to proceed to a medical
examination of the person detained if this latter asks for it, and in any cases, this person is
informed of this right.
Art. 49 - Miscarriage of justice leads to compensation by the State.
The law determines the conditions and modes of compensation.
Art. 50 - Any citizen fulfilling the legal conditions can elect and be elected.
Art. 51 - Equal access to functions and positions in the State is guaranteed to all citizens
without any other conditions except those defined by the law.
Art. 52 - Private property is guaranteed.
The right to inherit is guaranteed.
The ”Wakf” properties and the foundations are recognized; their intended purpose is
protected by the law.
Art. 53 - The right for education is guaranteed. Education is free within the conditions
defined by the law.
Fundamental education is compulsory.
The State organizes the educational system.
The State ensures the equal access to education and professional training.
Art. 54 - All citizens have the right for the protection of their health.
The State ensures the prevention and the fight of endemics and epidemics.
Art. 55 - All citizens have right for work.
The right for protection, security and hygiene at work is guaranteed by the law.
The right to rest is guaranteed; the law defines the relevant clauses.
Art. 56 - The trade union right is recognized to all citizens.
Art. 57 - The right to strike is recognized; it is carried out within the framework of the
law.
The law may forbid or limit the strike in the field of national defence and security, or in
any public service or activity of vital interest for the community.
Art. 58 - The family gains protection from the State and the society.
Art. 59 - The living conditions of the citizens under the age of working or those unable or
can never be able to work are guaranteed.
Art. 60 - Ignorance of the law is no excuse.
Every person should abide by the Constitution and comply with the laws of the Republic.
Art. 61 - The duty of every citizen is to protect and safeguard the independence of the
country and the integrity of its national territory as well as all the symbols of the State.
Treason, spying, obedience to the enemy as well as all the infringements committed
against the State security are severely repressed by the law.
Art. 62 - Every citizen should, loyally, fulfill his obligations towards the national
community.
The commitement of every citizen towards the Mother Country and the obligation to
contribute to its defence are sacred and permanent duties.
The State guarantees the respect of the symbols of the Revolution, the memory of the
"chouhada" and the dignity of their rightfuls, and the "moudjahidine".
Art. 63 - All the individual liberties are carried out within the respect of the rights of
others recognized by the Constitution, in particular, the respect of the right for honour,
intimacy and the protection of the family, the youth and childhood.
Art. 64 - The citizens are equals before the taxes.
Everyone should participate in financing the public expenses, in accordance with his
contributory capacity.
No taxes can be laid down unless in accordance with the law.
No tax, contribution or duty of any nature can be laid down with a retrospective effect.
Art. 65 - The law sanctions the duty of parents in the education and protection of their
children as well as the duty of the children in helping and assisting their parents.
Art. 66 - The duty of every citizen is to protect the public property and the interests of the
national community and to respect the property of others.
Art. 67 - Any foreigner being legally on the national territory enjoys the protection of his
person and his properties by the law.
Art. 68 - None can be extradited unless in accordance and in implementation of the
extradition law.
Art. 69 - In no case, a political refugee having legally the right of asylum can be
delivered or extradited.
PART TWO: ORGANIZATION OF POWERSCHAPTER I: The executive power
Art. 70 - The President of the Republic, Head of the State, embodies the unity of the
Nation.
He is the guarantor of the Constitution.
He embodies the State within the country and abroad.
He addresses the Nation directly.
Art. 71 - The President of the Republic is elected by direct, secret and universal suffrage.
The election is acquired through the absolute majority of the expressed votes.
The other modes of presidential election are defined by the law.
Art. 72 - The President of the Republic exercises the supreme magistracy within the
limits defined by the Constitution.
Art. 73 - To be eligible to the Presidency of the Republic, the candidate should :
- have, solely, the Algerian nationality by origin;
- be a muslim;
- be more than fourty (40) years-old the day of the election;
- enjoy full civil and political rights;
- prove the Algerian nationality of the spouse;
- justify his participation in the 1st of November 1954 Revolution for the candidates born
before July 1942;
- justify the non-involvement of the parents of the candidate born after July 1942, in
actions hostile to the 1st of November 1954 Revolution;
- submit a public declaration of his personal and real estate existing either within Algeria
or abroad.
- Other conditions are prescribed by the law.
Art. 74 - The duration of the presidential mandate is five (5) years.
The President of the Republic can be reelected once only.
Art. 75 - The President of the Republic takes an oath before the People and in the
presence of the high authorities of the Nation, in the week following his election.
He enters into office after taking the Oath.
Art. 76 - The President of the Republic takes the Oath in the following terms :
” In the Name of God the Merciful and the Compassionate. Faithful to the great
sacrifices and to the memory of our martyrs as well as to the ideals of the eternal
November Revolution. I do solemnly swear by God the almighty that I will respect and
glorify the islamic religion, defend the Constitution, see to the continuity of the State and
provide the necessary conditions for the normal functioning of the reinforcement of the
democratic process, respect the free choice of the people as well as the institutions and
laws of the Republic, preserve the integrity of the national territory, the unity of the
people and the nation, protect the fundamental human and citizen’s rights and liberties,
work for the development and progress of the people and put all my strength to the
achievement of the great ideals of justice, freedom and peace in the world.
God is my witness”
Art. 77 - In addition to the powers bestowed, explicitly, upon him by other provisions of
the Constitution, the President of the Republic has the following powers and prerogatives
:
1- he is the Supreme Chief of all the Armed Forces of the Republic;
2- he is responsible for the National Defence ;
3- he decides and conducts the foreign policy of the Nation;
4- he presides the Cabinet ;
5- he appoints the Head of Government and puts an end to his functions;
6- he signs the presidential decrees ;
7. He has the right of pardon, remission or commutation of punishment;
8- he can refer to the People through a referendum on any issue of national importance ;
9- he concludes and ratifies international treaties ;
10- he awards State medals, decorations and honorific titles.
Art. 78 - The President of the Republic appoints :
1- to posts and mandates provided by the Constitution ;
2- to State civil and military posts ;
3- to nominations decided in the Cabinet ;
4- the President of the Council of State ;
5- the Secretary General of the Government ;
6- the Governor of the Bank of Algeria;
7- the Magistrates ;
8- high officials of security bodies ;
9- the "walis".
The President of the Republic appoints and recalls the ambassadors and the special
envoys of the Republic abroad. He receives the credentials and the letters of recall of
foreign diplomatic representatives.
Art. 79 - The Head of Government presents the members of the Government he choosed
to the President of the Republic who appoints them.
The Head of Government establishes a programme and submits it to the Cabinet.
Art. 80 - The Head of Government submits his programme for approval to the People’s
National Assembly. This latter opens, for this purpose, a general debate.
The Head of Government may adapt his programme in the light of this debate.
The Head of Government addresses a communication on his programme to the Council
of Nation.
The Council of Nation may issue a resolution.
Art. 81 - In case of non approval of his programme by the People’s National Assembly,
the Head of Government presents the resignation of his Government to the President of
the Republic.
This latter appoints again a Head of Government in accordance with the same modes.
Art. 82 - If the People’s National Assembly’s approval is not obtained, the People’s
National Assembly is dissolved de jure.
The Government in office is kept in position in order to manage daily affairs until the
election of a new People’s National Assembly within a maximum period of three (3)
months.
Art. 83 - The Head of Government executes and coordinates the programme adopted by
the People